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What is it about infinity?
by Norman Thomson
Norman Thomson wrote this letter in response to Sylvia's article "What is it about infinity?" in Vector 25-1
Dear Sylv,
Following your article “What is it about infinity” in Vector vol. 25 No. 1, may I suggest that taking a slightly different viewpoint may help to clarify and simplify your thoughts concerning rearrangements of terms in the infinite series ln2 = 1-1/2+1/3-1/4+?
to infinity. First the term absolute convergence means that the sum of the absolute values (i.e. moduli) of all the terms in a series converges to a finite value. The ln2
series is not absolutely convergent since the sum of the reciprocals of the natural numbers is divergent. The issue of different sums arising from different arrangements of the terms is only a consideration for non-absolutely convergent series, in which case some of the terms must be positive and some negative. The sum for any finite number of terms will be the sum of say p
positive terms and n
negative terms. Rearrangement of terms within either of these groups will make no difference to the overall sum once p
and n
are chosen. The ln2
series in standard ordering up to y
terms is defined in J by
ra=.(_1&^ * %@>:)@i. NB. reciprocals alternating in sign ra 6 1 _0.5 0.333333 _0.25 0.2 _0.166667
and so two typical consecutive such sums in this somewhat slowly converging series are
(+/ra 1000),+/ra 1001 0.692647 0.693646
The positive and negative terms can be separated by
odds=.#~$&1 0@# evens=.#~$&0 1@#
Any possible rearrangement of terms of the series can be accomplished by taking p
of its positive terms and n
of its negative terms. For the unrearranged series p = n
:
s0=.odds ar 10000 NB. positives s1=.evens ar 10000 NB. negatives (+/s0)+(+/s1) NB. sum of first 10,000 terma 0.693097
If p
and n
are chosen differently, a different result is obtained, for example :
s0=.odds ra 10000 NB. p=10000 s1=.evens ra 5000 NB. n=5000 (+/s0)+(+/s1) NB. new sum 1.03962
Riemann proved that the sum of a non-absolutely convergent series can be made to have any arbitrary value by a suitable rearrangement of its terms; it can even be made oscillatory or divergent. Further it can be shown that in the case of the ln2
series this sum is ½ln(4p/n)
, so that a rearrangement can always be made to achieve any given sum S
by choosing the ratio p/n
to be ¼exp(2S)
. For example, suppose S
is required to be 1.5 , ¼exp(3) = 5.02
, so take about 5 times as many positive terms as negative :
s0=.odds ra 5020 s1=.evens ra 1000 (+/s0)+(+/s1) 1.49936
Choosing S=0
requires p/n
to be ¼
:
s0=.odds ra 10000 s1=.evens ra 40000 (+/s0,s1),(+/s0),+/s1 _1.24991e_5 5.24035 _5.24036
which helps in resolving the algebraic paradox :
ln2 = 1-1/2+1/3-1/4+? to infinity = 1+1/2+1/3+1/4+?,-2(1/2+1/4+?) = 1+1/2+1/3+1/4+?,-(1+1/2+?) = X – X where X= the sum of the reciprocals = 0
Riemann’s theorem may seem extraordinary at first sight, but should be considered in the light of the defining property of a divergent series, namely that the modulus of its sum can be made to exceed any arbitrary value simply by taking enough terms. In an informal sense the Riemann theorem describes a ‘half-way house’ property between absolutely convergence and divergence.
Yours sincerely,
Norman Thomson